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DS 102.P15 V.2 no.2

Theodoslus (A.D. 530;

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NO. 23233

Cornell University
Library

The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028534216

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PALESTINE pilgrims; 'I EX L
SOCIETY.

3491

iSirfctov:

MAJOR-GENERAL SIR C. W. WILSON, K.C.B., K.C.M.G.,

F.R.S., D.C.L., LL.D.

?tc. :

WALTER BESANT, M.A.

TH aanosius.

(A.D. 530.)

PRINTED FOR SUBSCRIBERS ONLY:
24, HANOVER SQUARE, W.

PALESTINE PILGRIMS' TEXT SOCIETY.

DIRECTOR.

Major-General Sir Charles W. Wilson, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., LL.D.,
D.C.L., F.R.S.

COUNCIL.

Major CONDER, D.C.L., R.E.
F. A. Eaton, M.A., Sec, R.A.
Rev. C. D. GiNSBURG, LL.D.
James Glaisher, F.R.S.
Sir Cyril Graham, Bart., C.M.G.
Sir George Grove, D.C.L.
Prof. Hayter Lewis, F.S.A.
Rev. Prof. Sayce, LL.D.

Harry Rylands, F.S.A., Secre-
tary, Society of Biblical Archee-
ology.

Rev. Canon Tristram, LL.D.,
F.R.S.

Major-Gen. SirCHARLES Warren,
K.C.B., G.C.M.G., F.R.S., R.E.

Rev. William Wright, D.D.

HON. SECRETARY AND TREASURER.

Walter Besant, M.A.

'PHIS Society is established for the translation and publication, with explanatory notes,
of the various descriptions and accounts of Palestine and the Holy Places, and
of the topograpliical references in ancient and mediasval literature, from the earliest
times to the period of the Crusades or later. These accounts are written in Greek,
Latin, Arabic, Old French, and Old German (in those curious records of pilgrimages
which begin with the unknown Pilgrim of Bordeaux and follow in almost unbroken line
to the present day). Topographical references are found in brief allusions in detaclied
sentences, scattered about among the writings of the Early Fathers, in the Byzantine
and earliest Arab historians. Very few of these Pilgrims have as yet appeared in an
English form, and no serious attempt has ever been made to search the Byzantine and
Arab historians and the Early Fathers for their topographical allusions and illustrations.
M.iny of them, however, give details of the highest importance in matters connected
with the topography of Jerusalem, the positions of the holy sites, etc. It is proposed
to begin with the Pilgrims, to take them one by one, to translate, annotate, and issue
them, each separately, and as fast as the funds at the disposal of the Council will allow.
All the publications are annotated.

f alealine f ilgrims' lext gocietg.

THEODOSIUS

(a.d. 530.)

^ranslatjly

J. H. BERNARD, D.D.,

FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN.

LONDON :
24, HANOVER SQUARE, W.

1893.

A- ^3!? 'fG

THEODOSIUS.

INTRODUCTION.

The text of Theodosius has been best given by Gilde-
meister (Bonn, 1882), but the critical material was first
made available in the edition of Tobler and Molinier
(Itinera Hierosolymitana, published by the Society de
V Orient Latin, Geneva, 1877-80). The MSS., as far as is
known, are the following :

P. Codex Pithoeanus in the Biblioth^que Nationale
(Lat, 4808), of the ninth or tenth century. A transcript of
this was published by Barth^lemy in the Revue archio-
logique, N.s. 1864, vol. x., p 408. Tobler thinks little of
this MS., but Gildemeister with better judgment regards it
as the most valuable of all, and follows it very closely.
Where the text followed in this translation diverges from
P, the fact is usually noted,

H. Codex Haganus, in the Royal Library at the Hague
(No. 165), apparently of the eighth century. It does not go
beyond § 52, but, so far, is in general agreement with P.

G. Codex Guelpherbytanus, in the same library (Weis-
semburg, 99), possibly of the eighth century. It contains

§§ 1-81.

V. Codex Vaticanus (6018), containing §§ 1-45 and
S4-58, is probably of the ninth century. I have had by
me a transcript of V, and also of the later Vatican MSS.
BC. (see below), made for Mr. McGrigor, to whom this

THEODOSIUS.

translation had been entrusted some time before his
death.

W. Codex Wassobrunensis, in the Royal Library at
Munich (Lat., 22053) of the ninth century. It contains
§§ I-S5 and 63-83. Its text is similar to that of G, but it
has some additions.

S. Codex Sangallensis, described by Tobler as 'lacunis
plenus sed antiquitatis causa utilis at preciosus.' It is
probably of the ninth century. It contains the Breviarius
de Hierosolynia, in addition to Theodosius ; and Tobler
has made extraordinary confusion in the critical material
by not keeping these parts of the St. Gall MS. quite
distinct from each other. Indeed, Tobler's text, as Gilde-
meister points out, is not a text of Theodosius at all, but a
cento of materials derived from various sources with the
ree aid of conjecture.

Next come three MSS., so like each other that Gilde-
meister suspects a common source, viz. :

B. In the Vatican Library (Reg. Chr., 554).

C. In the same library (Reg. Chr., 630); and

E. In the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris (No. 4892).

These MSS. date from the twelfth to the fourteenth
century, and contain a later recension of the text, which,
however, is sometimes of use.

And, finally, there are two MSS., later still, of less
value :

L. In British Museum (Cotton. Titus, D. III.) and a
MS. at Louvain, which contains, in addition to Theodosius,
a quite distinct tract, De via filiorum Israel.

These MSS. have a number of later additions, and the
text in many cases is based on a misapprehension of the
meaning of the writer.

Little or nothing is known about the author of this
pilgrimage. He is called Archidiaconus in V. and Diaconus
in the Louvain MS., but this does not give us much help.
Gildemeister suggests that the way in which he alludes to
the ' Vandal ' and ' Roman ' monasteries at Memphis in

INTRODUCTION.

§ 56 may indicate that liis home was in Northern Africa,
but this seems a very doubtful inference. In three passages
(§§ 22, 38, 72) the text of Scripture cited by the pilgrim
presents peculiarities, but I have not succeeded in finding
out that these readings are confined to any one locality.
The date, however, of the composition of the tract can be
fixed within definite limits. It was plainly used by
Gregory of Tours (538-594), as a comparison of the
following passages cited by Tobler and Gildemeister will
show. Gregory (de Glor. Mart., i. 27) speaks of the tomb
of St. James, Zacharias and Simeon on Mount Olivet just as
our author does (§ 50), the more usual account being that
St. James was buried near the temple. Again (1. c. i. 17)
Gregory describes the meeting of the streams under the city
Paneas as in § 13 ; the warm springs at Livias {cf. 1. c. i. 18
with § 65); and the martyrdom of S. Clement and the annual
miraculous retreat of the sea from the spot where he was
drowned {cf. 1. c. i. 35 with § 54). Thus the pilgrimage was
prior to the time of Gregory's literary activity. The same
conclusion is reached by observing that while the pilgrim
knows the buildings of Anastasius at Jerusalem he does not
mention those of Justinian. Hence the date assigned by
Tobler to our author, viz., 530, may be accepted with
confidence. The account of Palestine proceeds in an
orderly manner for about the first half of the tract ; it then
becomes somewhat confused, but the confusion has been
made much worse by Tobler's free handling of the text.

Nearly all the details given above as to MSS. and author
have been derived from the edition of Gildemeister, by
whom for the first time an intelligible description of the
tract was given to the public. Some of the notes which
follow are also due to him. The geographical notes have
been added by Sir C. W. Wilson.

J. H. BERNARD.

THEODOSIUS
ON THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE HOLY LAND.i

The city of Jerusalem has six main gates, besides posterns.
There is the gate of Benjamin on the road to the Jordan ;
it is distant i8 miles from Jericho, and from thence to the
Jordan is 7 miles more. From Jericho to Gilgal is one mile.
There is the Field of the Lord, where the Lord Jesus Christ
ploughed one furrow with His own hand.^ And there are
the twelve stones which the children of Israel lifted out of
the Jordan. From Jericho to the Fountain of Elisha is
2 miles. There was the house of Rahab the harlot, who
took in the spies.

Again from Jerusalem to BetheP is 12 miles. In this
Bethel Jacob saw in his dreams the angels ascending to
heaven and descending therefrom. From Bethel to Samaria,*
which is now called Neapolis, is 18 miles. There is the
well which Jacob made. There are the bones of S. Joseph.
From Samaria it is 7 miles to Sebaste, where S. John was

^ V begins thus : 'In the name of the Lord God most high here be-
ginneth the account of the city of Jerusalem and its surroundings, told
by Theodosius the Archdeacon, beginning from the eastern side and
proceeding by the main road.'

2 W adds 'and sowed it. And there is a monastery, and in the
monastery 300 monks who own the field ; and the field yields a crop
every third year, and every crop yields eight bushels.' Cf. Antoninus
Martyr (xiii.), where the legend is more fully given.

^ The earlier MSS. have Bethsaida, an obvious blunder.

* Properly Sichem. The same error is made by Antoninus Martyr
(vi.).

THEODOSIUS

beheaded. From Sebaste to Scythopolis is 30 miles.

7 There S. Basil^ suffered martyrdom. From Scythopolis it

8 is 24 miles to the Sea of Tiberias, on which the Lord Jesus

9 Christ walked. From Tiberias to Magdala, where S. Mary

10 was born, is 2 miles. From Magdala to the Seven Foun-
tains,^ where the Lord Christ baptized the apostles, and
where also He fed the people with five loaves and two

1 1 fishes, is 2 miles. From the Seven Fountains to Caper-

12 naum is 2 miles. From Capernaum it is 6 miles to Beth-
saida, where were born the apostles Peter, Andrew, Philip,

13 and the sons of Zebedee. From Bethsaida to Paneas is
50 miles. There the Jordan emerges from two sources,
the Jor and the Dan. These run into Paneas and meet
under the city, whence the river takes the name ' Jordan.'
The woman, whom the Lord Christ relieved from the
issue of blood, whose name was Marosa,^ was from this

14 place ; and in the church there is an amber statue of the
Lord, made by Marosa. Mount Lebanon has its head
there.

15 From the ToWer Gate* it is 15 miles to the spot where
David fought with Goliath in Mount Buzana^ (which is,

16 being interpreted, 'a lamp'). From Buzana it is 15 miles

17 to Eleutheropolis. From Eleutheropolis it is 6 miles to the
place where S. Zacharias* rests, and from that place to

18 Ascalon it is 20 miles. From Ascalon to Gaza it is
12 miles. Between Ascalon and Gaza there are two

9 cities, viz., Anthedon and Maioma. From Gaza to Rafia

1 The feast of S. Basil and the Seventy Martyrs at Scythopolis is
on July 5. Nothing else apparently is known of him.

2 Magdala, the Seven Fountains, and Capernaum are apparently
Mejdel, 'Ain et-Tin, and Tell Hiim.

2 V adds 'for so in the Hebrew tongue do they call Vironicia'; but
Marosa plainly is a corruption of ly aiiJio/>poov<7a. Cf. Eus. H. E., vii., iS.

* The 'Jaflfa Gate' at Jerusalem.

' Cf. Antoninus Martyr (xxxi.).

^ Cf. Antoninus Martyr (xxxii.). Eleutheropolis is now Beil Jibrin,
and the place where Zacharias was bu»ied is Zakariyeh, the Azekah of
the Bible>

ON THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE HOLY LAND. 9

it is 24 miles. From Rafia it is 12 miles to Betulia/ where 20
Holofernes died.

From Jerusalem it is 9 miles to Shiloh,^ where was the 21
ark of the covenant of the Lord. From Shiloh to Emmaus, 22
now called Nicopolis, it is 9 miles. In this Emmaus S.
Cleopas knew the Lord in the breaking of bread ;^ and there
too he suffered martyrdom. From Emmaus it is 12 miles 23
to Diospolis, where S. George suffered martyrdom ; there
is his body, and there many wonders are worked. From 24
Diospolis it is 12 miles to Joppa, where S. Peter raised
S. Tabitha ; there too the whale threw up Jonah from its
belly.* From Joppa it is 30 miles to the Palestinian 25
Caesarea ; there S. Cornelius was baptized by S. Peter,
and there he suffered martyrdom. From Caesarea it is 26
30 miles to Diocaesarea,^ whence came Simon Magus.
From Diocaesarea it is S miles to Cana of Galilee. It is 27
also 5 miles from Diocaesarea to Nazareth. From Nazareth 28
it is 7 miles to Tabor, where the Lord appeared after His 29
Resurrection to the apostles.

From Jerusalem it is 16 miles to the place where S. 30
Philip baptized the eunuch.^ Thence to the Terebinth, 31
which is called the Oak of Mamre, it is 2 miles. From The 32
Terebinth to the Double Cave, where the patriarchs rest, is
4 miles. From the Double Cave it is 2 miles to Hebron, 33
where holy David lived seven years, when he fled before
Saul.

1 Anthedon-Agrippias was S.W. of Gaza, and is now probably Tell
'AjAl; Maioma is the Maiumas of Gaza, now El-Mineh; and Rafia
(Raphia) is Rafah. Betulia was possibly some place on the road to
Sinai or Egypt, and not Bethulia which was in Samaria.

2 Shiloh is here wrongly placed at Kuryet el-Enab instead of at
SeMn. Emmaus-Nicopolis is now 'Amwas, and Diospolis or Lydda
is Ludd.

2 Cognovit Dominum in confractione pants, Luke xxiv. 35.

* I read de uentre lonam. for seuictiuona (P). Tobler conjectures
sanctum lonam.

* Sepphoris, now Seffurieh.

" The fountain was at Bethzur, now Beit SAr. Cf. Ant. Mart,
(xxxii.).

lo THEODOSIVS

34 From Jerusalem it is 5 miles to Ramah,^ where Samuel

35 rests. From Jerusalem to the place where S. Elizabeth,

36 the mother of S. John the Baptist, lived, is S miles. From
Jerusalem to Anathoth, where Jeremiah the prophet was

37 born and where he rests, is 6 miles. From Jerusalem it is
2 miles to Bethany, where the Lord Christ raised Lazarus.

38 From Jerusalem to Mount Olivet it is i mile, as it is
written seven furlongs!'- From thence the Lord ascended
into heaven, and there are built four and twenty churches.

39 From Mount Olivet it is i mile to the village of Hermippus,
where Abdimelechj who was a disciple of holy Jeremiah,
slept under the fig-tree for forty-six years.^ There too was
Baruch the prophet.

40 In the city of Jerusalem at the Lord's Sepulchre is the
place of Calvary, where Abraham offered up his son for
a burnt-offering;'^ and because the mountain is rocky,
Abraham made the altar in the mountain i-tself, i.e., at its
foot. Above the altar the mountain towers and the ascent

41 of the mountain is made by steps. There the Lord was
crucified. From the Lord's Sepulchre to the place of

42 Calvary it is 15 paces ; it is all under one roof. From the
place of Calvary it is 15 paces to Golgotha, where the cross

43 of the Lord was found. ^ From Golgotha it is 200 paces to
holy Sion, the mother of all churches ; which Sion our Lord
Christ founded with His apostles. It was the house of S.

44 Mark the Evangelist. From holy Sion to the house of

45 Caiphas, now the Church of S. Peter, it is 50 paces more
or less. From the house of Caiphas to the Hall of Pilate
it is 100 paces more or less. There is the Church of S.

1 The burial-place of Samuel alluded to is at Neby Samwil, and the
home of S. Elizabeth at 'Ain Karim.

2 This is the reading of the Peshitto, Syriac and the Sahidic versions
in Acts i. 12.

' Ebed-melech the Ethiopian eunuch {see Jer. xxxviii. 7 and
xxxix. 15).
"* Gen. xxii. 2.
'" GVW add ' a church is there.'

ON THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE HOLY LAND. ii

Sophia. Hard by holy Jeremiah was cast into the pit.^
The pillar formerly in the house of Caiaphas, at which the
Lord Christ was scourged, is nov/ in holy Sion. This pillar
at the bidding of the Lord followed Him; and as He clung
to it while He was being scourged, His arms, hands, and
fingers sank into it, as if it were wax, and the marks appear
to this day. Likewise His whole countenance, His chin,
nose, and eyes are imprinted^ on it as if it were wax. S.
Stephen was stoned outside the Galilaean Gate ; and there 46
is his church, which was built by S. Eudocia, the wife of
the emperor Theodosius. The Pool of Siloam is 100 paces 47
from the place where the prophet Jeremiah was cast into
the pit ; the pool is within the wall. From the house of
Pilate to the Pool of the Sheep Market is about 100 paces. 48
There the Lord Christ cured the palsied man, whose bed is
still there. Also near the Pool of the Sheep Market is the 49
Church of S. Mary. S. James, whom the Lord ordained 50
bishop with His own hand, after the Lord's Ascension was
cast down from the pinnacle of the temple and suffered no
hurt ; but a fuller slew him with a pole on which he used
to carry his things, and' he was buried on Mount Olivet.
S. James, S. Zacharias, and S. Simeon were buried in one
tomb, which S. James had built; he buried the others there
and left directions that he also should be laid therein.
There is the Valley of Jehoshaphat ; there Judas betrayed 5'
the Lord. There is the Church of S. Mary, the mother of
the Lord. There too the Lord washed His disciples' feet,
and there He supped. Four couches are there, on which
the Lord and His apostles around Him reclined ; each
couch accommodates three persons. At the present day
some persons, as a religious observance, when they go there
delight to eat their food ("except flesh) in that place ; and
ihey light lamps where the Lord washed the apostles' feet,
for the spot is in the cave. Two hundred monks are in the
habit of going down there. Under the pinnacle of the 52

1 Jer. xxxviii. 6.

2 Reading designantur for MSS. designauit.

12 THEODOSIUS

temple there is a convent of 600^ nuns ; when any of them
departs this life, she is buried inside the convent, and from
the day that they enter the walls they never go out as long
as they live. Only in case of any holy woman wishing to
be transferred there, or in order to receive a penitent, are
the gates opened, for they are commonly kept shut ; pro-
visions are handed in through the walls, and they have
water in cisterns inside.

53 [From the boundary of Jerusalem the highroad is 6 miles
to Bethlehem (which is, being interpreted, ' the house of
bread ') where Herod was king.]^

54 Again, there is the city of Cherson^ on the Pontic Sea.
Here S. Clement suffered martyrdom, and his monument is
in the sea where his body was cast, an anchor having been
tied about his neck. Now on his natal day all, people and
priests, embark in barges; and when they have come to the
spot, the sea dries up for 6 miles, and tents are spread over
where the chest* is, and an altar is set up, and masses are
celebrated there for eight days, and the Lord does many
wonders. There demons are cast out ; if any one of the
afflicted persons can get to the anchor and touch it,

55 straightway he is made whole. From Cherson the road
goes on to Sinope,^ where S. Andrew freed S. Matthew the
Evangelist from prison. Sinope at that time was called
Myrmiciona, and all the inhabitants were cannibals ; but
now there is so great humanity among them that they sit
in the streets to receive pilgrims. Thence presently we
come to Armenia.

56 Again, in Egypt there is the city of Memphis, where
Pharaoh lived and where Joseph was cast into prison.

1 Reading dc for MS. de.

2 § 53 is only found in V.

' Cherson, the ancient Chersonesus, was on the W. side of the
quarantine harbour of Sebastopol.

* Area, i.e., the chest containing the body of the martyr. This seems
to be the earliest mention of the story of the martyrdom of S. Clement
of Rome, which afterwards became widespread.

' W adds ' 20 miles.'

ON THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE HOLY LAND. 13

There are two monasteries there, one of the order of the
Vandals, the other of the Romans j^ i.e., the Vandal monas-
tery of S. Jeremiah, the Roman of S. Apollonius the
hermit.

Again, there is the Cappadocian Caesarea, where was S. 57
Mammes,^ hermit and martyr, who milked the wild beasts
and made cheese ; and also S. Mercury the martyr.* In 58
this province is the city of Sebaste, where were the Forty
Martyrs* (in the province of Cappadocia). There there is 59
the city of Gangra, in the province of Galatia, where was
the holy martyr Callinicus.* Also the city of Euchaita, in 60
the province of Galatia, where is the holy martyr Theo-
dorus.^ The city of Anquira, in the province of Galatia, 61
where is S. Plato' the martyr. From the mountain of 62

* The mention of ' Vandals ' at Memphis is difficult to understand.
How did they get there? Possibly 'Vandal' and 'Roman' merely
signify ' Arian ' and ' Catholic ' respectively. As the LXX. read
Memphis for Noph in Jer. xliv. i, it is not hard to explain the existence
of a monastery of S. Jeremiah in this place (see also Jer. xliii.).
Rufinus says that he saw ' in regionibus Mempheos innumeras multi-
tudines monachorum ' (Migne. Pat. Lat., xxi., 440).

^ Mammes was a shepherd who was martyred during Aurelian's
persecution, about 274.

' Mercury was a young soldier, who was tortured and put to death
during the persecution of Decius.

* These were forty soldiers who suffered torture and death for their
profession of Christianity under Licinius in the year 320. Sebaste is
now Sivas.

^ This martyr was made to run in boots bristling with nails inside,
from Gangra, now Changra, to Ancyra, now Angora, where he was
burnt. His date is uncertain ; according to some authorities he suffered
in the third century.

° Theodore, a young soldier who suffered under Maximian and
Galerius, about a.d. 306. During the interval between his apprehension
and his trial, he succeeded in setting fire to the Temple of the Mother
of the Gods at Amasea ; an act which inevitably led to torture and
death. His abhes were translated to Euchaita, now Chorum, by a
lady called Eusebia, and a magnificent memorial church erected there
which retained its fame for many centuries.

^ S. Plato, of whom little is known, was executed, under Maximian,
i7t Campo Amoeno, outside the walls of Ancyra, Angora.

14 THEODOSIUS

Armenia proceed two rivers, the Tigris and the Euphrates,
of which the Tigris waters the land of Assyria and the
Euphrates the land of Mesopotamia ; the Pison waters all
the land of Ethiopia and extends to Egypt. The Gihon
waters the land of Havilah, and passes near Jerusalem.

63 From Mount Olivet the Lord ascended to heaven, and
hard by there is a cave called Mazi, that is, being inter-
preted, ' of the disciples.'^ Here the Lord used to rest
when He was preaching in Jerusalem. Here S. John the
Evangelist used to lean upon the breast of the Lord. The

64 Field of the Lord in Gilgal is watered from the Fountain
of Elisha ; it produces six bushels more or less. In the
month of August half the field is ploughed, and there is a
crop at Easter, from which the oblation is taken for Holy
Thursda}' and Easter Day. And when that is cut,^ the
other half is ploughed, and there is a second crop. There
too is the vine which the Lord planted, which vine bears
fruit at Pentecost ; from this the oblation [of wine] is taken.
And so from the field as from the vine the produce is

65 transmitted at the proper season to Constantinople. The
city Livias is beyond the Jordan, 12 miles from Jericho.
In this Livias Moses struck the rock with his rod, and the
waters flowed cut. Thence emerges a rather large stream
which irrigates the whole of Livias.^ There are found the
large dates of Nicolaus. There Moses departed this life,
and there are the warm waters where Moses bathed, and

66 in these warm waters lepers are cleansed. In the place
where the Lord was baptized there is a single marble pillar,

1 I cannot offer any explanation of Mast or Matsi (for the MSS.
vary) ; Tobler connects it with jiaXa, bread.

^ I read secium w ith Geyer for rectum of GP ; Gildemeister adopts
collectum from the corresponding passage in Antoninus Martyr (p. 12).
Antoninus has February for August, and does not mention the fact of
the bread and wine produced from this field being sent to Constanti-
nople. I have followed Tobler's punctuation in preference to Gilde-
rneister's, which yields no good sense.

^ Now Tell er-RAmeh. For the Jordan sites, see Antoninus Martyr,
Appendix I,

ON THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE HOLY LAND. 15

and on the pillar an iron cross has been fastened. There
too is the Church of S. John the Baptist which the Emperor
Anastasius bulk : this church is very lofty, being built above
large chambers, on account of the Jordan when it overflows.
Monks live in this church who receive six solidi annually
from the treasury as a means of livelihood.^ Where the 6y
Lord was baptized beyond Jordan there is a little moun-
tain called Hermon (Mount Tabor is in Galilee). There
holy Elijah was caught up.

The tomb of holy Elisha, where he blessed the fountain, 68
is there ; and above the tomb a church is built. It is S 69
miles from where the Lord was baptized to the place where
the Jordan enters the Dead Sea. And this is the Dead 70
Sea where Sodom and Gomorrah were swallowed up with
the other three ; which five cities were near the Dead Sea.
There is Lot's wife who was turned into a pillar of salt ;
and as the moon waxes and wanes so too does she.

On Mount Olivet the Lord placed His shoulders on a 71
stone, and both His shoulders sank into the rock as if it
were soft wax ; which place is called Ancona.^ There a
church was built. Hard by is a church where S. Thecla^
is. The place is called Bethphage. From thence was
fetched the foal of the ass on which the Lord sat when He
entered Jerusalem from the Gate of Benjamin . . . where 72
we read Wherefore, sea, wast thou put to confusion ; and
Jordan, wherefore wast thou driven back ? Ye mountains,
wherefore did ye skip like rams, and ye little hills like young
sheep?^ For round the Jordan there are many little moun-

' W has : ' There is a monastery of monks, and whenever a monk
is going to die, the water flows out thrice from the Jordan and enters
the church of S. John : and there the monks give six solidi each for
the burial.'

2 Ancona, the Latin form of 'AyKiiv.

5 Tobler notes that this is probably a mistake for S. Pelagia, though
Thecla's name is in all the MSS.

* Ps. cxiii. 5, 6. The text is worth noting : ' Mare quare con-
turbatum es et tu lordanes quare conuersus est retrorsum ? et uos
montes, quare gestistis sicut arietes et uos colles sicut agni ouium.'

1 6 THEODOSIUS

tains ; and when the Lord went down to baptism, the very-
mountains walked or as it were skipped before Him, and
they look to this day as if they were leaping.

73 Sarepta of Sidonia (as it is written)^ is in Phoenicia near
Mount Carmel. It is 12 miles from Sarepta to Sidon ;
and it was called Sarepta of Sidonia, because at that time
Sidon was a metropolis to Sarepta, but now Sarepta is the
metropolis. Here holy Elijah was sent to the widow woman
who was to feed him, and here he revived her son. There
is the Church of S. Elijah. The name of the woman is not
mentioned, save only that she was a widow. As to Lazarus
whom the Lord raised, it is known that he was raised, but
no one knew about his second death. This happened in
Bethany two miles from Jerusalem, and all the people
gather in that place at the [feast of the] Raising of Lazarus
before Easter Day, and services are held.^

74 In Arabia there are the cities overthrown by Joshua the
son of Nun, where dwelt the Amorites, Girgashites, and
Perizzites ; thirteen in number, viz., Vincta, Volumta,
Medeba, Musica, Philadelphia, Gerasa, Genara, Bostra,
Damascus, Gadara, Abila, Capitolias, Astra.

75 The province of Palestine where Jerusalem is, is called
the Land of Canaan ; then there is Galilee, then Syria, then
Mesopotamia. On the left there are the two Armenias
Prima and Secunda, and Persian Armenia, which are all
under the emperor of Armenia.

'^6 In the province of Asia there is the city of Ephesus,,
where are the seven Sleeping Brothers, and the dog Viricanus
at their feet. Their names were Achillides, Diomedes,
Eugenius, Stephen, Probatius, Sabbatius and Quiriacus ;
their mother is called in Greek, Caratina, in Latin, Felicitas.^
There too is S. Timothy the disciple of S. Paul.

' S. Luke iv. 26.

^ Missae celebraiitur. The word viissa seems to be used here in its
wider sense.

■5 The author here mixes up the story of the martyrdom of Felicitas
and her seven sons at Rome under Antoninus Pius with the famous

ON THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE HOLY LAND. 17

Near Mount Sinai is the city of Infra.^ There holy Moses 77
fought with Amalek. From Jerusalem to Elusa there are 78
3 stages ; from Glutiarinalia 7 stages, which Alexander
the Great of Macedon built. From thence to Mt. Sinai 79
there are 8 stages, if you are willing to go the short way
through the desert, but if you go through Egypt there are
25 stages.

There was an imperial governor called Urbicius, who 80
was governor under seven emperors ; and he used both to
crown and uncrown the emperors, and to punish them.
Now there is a place three miles from the city of Jerusalem
where S. Mary, the mother of the Lord, got off her ass as
she was going to Bethlehem, and sat down on a rock and
blessed it. This stone did the governor Urbicius cut and
fashion in a square shape like an altar, intending to send
it to Constantinople. But when he came to the gate of S.
Stephen he could not move it any further, a stone which
one yoke of oxen were drawing. And when they saw that
they could by no means move it forward, it was brought
back to the Sepulchre of the Lord, and there an altar was
made out of the rock, and at that altar men communicate.
However, it is behind the Sepulchre of the Lord. This
Urbicius when governor under the emperor Anastasius died
at Constantinople, and they buried him. And the earth
would not receive him, but three times did the sepulchre
cast him forth.

The emperor Anastasius built in the province of 81
Mesopotamia a city called Dara,^ three miles long, on

legend of the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus. The names of the sleepers
given in the text are, as Gildemeister points out, not the names usual
in the west but identical with a list current in Syriac. The dog is an
embellishment to the story not found elsewhere in Christian versions
of the legend, but he appears in the Mohammedan account (Sale's
Koran, chap, xviii.).

1 Infra is clearly Phara, now Feirdn. Cf. Ant. Mart. (xl.). Elusa
is now Khalasah.

2 For a description of Dara or Daras, see Procopius, P. P. Text
Series, p. 40., seq.

1 8 THEODOSIUS

account of the Persians. Whenever they came into the
province of the emperor for rapine, they used to dig a
trench there, because no water is to be found except in
that spot. The river emerges inside the city, and at the
head of the city it goes underground, for the whole river is

82 surrounded by the wall. The city of Melitine in Persian
Armenia is the metropolis ; another city is Arabissus,

83 another Cocussus, another Germanicia.^ In Persia there
is a city called Susa, where the bodies of holy Daniel and
the Three Children lie, 30 miles from Babylonia. No men
live in this city on account of the serpents and hippocen-
taurs. So Eudoxius the deacon said, who himself is of that
province.

84 The Invention of the Holy Cross is observed on 14th
September,^ the day on which it was found by Helena the
mother of Constantine ; and there for seven days in
Jerusalem at the Sepulchre of the Lord services are held,
and the cross itself is displayed.

85 In the province of Cilicia there is a city called Aegea,
where for forty days trafific is carried on and no demand is
made ; but if after the forty days a man is found transact-

86 ing business, he pays the fiscal dues. In the province of
Cilicia there is the city of Tarsus, whence came Apollonius.^
From Tarsus to the city of Adana it is 30 miles. From
Adana to Masista 30 miles. From Masista to Anasta
... to Aegeas 60 miles. From Aegeas to Alexandria
Scabiosa* it is 60 miles. From Alexandria Scabiosa

1 Melitine is now Malaiia; Arabissus is Yarpus ; Cocussus is
Cuksiin; and Germanicia is Marash.

2 Reading xviii Kal. Octobris with BC ; xztii Kal. Oct. of the MSS.
followed by Gildetneister and Tobler is an obvious blunder. Notices
of the Festival of the Exaltation of the Cross are rare before the year
629, when the Cross was restored to its shrine at Jerusalem by Heraclius
after his victory over the Persians.

3 This is probably the well-known Apollonius of Tyana.

* Aegeas is now Ayash; Masista (Pdopsuestia) is Missis ; Anasta
... is possibly Anazarba ; and Alexandria Scabiosa is Alexanditita
or ScanderAn.

ON THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE HOLY LAND. 19

to Antioch it is 60 miles. From Antioch to Quirus,
where are S. Cosmas and Damianus who were slain
there.i it is 60 miles. From Quirus to Barbarissus
where were slain S. Sergius and Bacchus^ it is 60 miles.
From Barbarissus to Hierapolis ... to Callinicus 80
miles. From Callinicus to Constantinople it is 60 miles.
From Constantina it is 80 to Edessa, where dwelt King
Abgar who wrote to the Lord Christ. From Edessa to
Dara 120. From Dara it is 80 to Amida^ in the Persian
territory. From Amida to Ramusa 18.

1 These martyrs are said to have suffered under Diocletian. They
are not to be confounded with the famous brothers generally described
as avdgyvpoL from their habit of refusing the fees to which their skill as
physicians entitled them. Quirus or Cyrrhus is now Chorres, N.W. of
Aleppo.

^ Sergius and Bacchus, generally regarded as the patron saints of
Syria, suffered martyrdom in the fourth century under Maximian.

' Barbarissus is now Kalat Balis, on the Euphrates ; Hierapolis is
Membij ; Callinicus is near the junction of the Bilek with the
Euphrates ; Edessa is Urfa; and Amida is Diarbekr.

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